This dataset presents China's 10m building height CNBH dataset for the year 2020. Building height serves as a critical parameter in urban environmental research and planning. This study leverages multi-source Earth observation data and machine learning techniques to construct China's first 10-meter resolution building height estimation model (CNBH-10m). The dataset includes nationwide coverage, regional packages for China's five major national-level urban agglomerations (Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Middle Yangtze River, and Chengdu-Chongqing), and megacities (Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Tianjin).